DOrtmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study
Networks
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Datasets
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Variables
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The DONALD study was designed over 35 years ago to collect data on diet, growth, development and metabolism of healthy children and adolescents with the aim to investigate complex realtions between nutrition and health from infancy to adulthood.
- Start Year
- 1985
- Funding
- The DONALD study is financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Research of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
- Supplementary Information
- The DONALD study is a regional, non-representative, open/dynamic cohort. Participants (35-40 infants) are recruited every year.
Visit DONALD Study
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Design
- Study design
- Cohort
- Follow Up
- The examinations are quarterly in the 1st year of life, semi-annually in the 2nd year, and annually thereafter. Since 2004, adult participants have also been invited to an examination every 5 years.
- Supplementary Information
- Number of maximum follow-ups increases as the study progresses.
Marker Paper
Kroke A, Manz F, Kersting M, Remer T, Sichert-Hellert W, Alexy U, Lentze MJ. The DONALD Study. History, current status and future perspectives. Eur J Nutr. 2004 Feb;43(1):45-54. Buyken AE, Alexy U, Kersting M, Remer T. Die DONALD Kohorte. Ein aktueller Überblick zu 25 Jahren Forschung im Rahmen der Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study [The DONALD cohort. An updated overview on 25 years of research based on the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed study]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2012 Jun;55(6-7):875-84. German.
PUBMED 14991269, 22736170
Recruitment
- Sources of Recruitment
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- Individuals
Number of participants
- Number of participants
- No Limit
- Number of participants with biosamples
- No Limit
- Supplementary Information
- Number of participants increases continuously. By 2022, over 2,000 participants have been recruited and over 10,000 24h urine samples (n >1,200 participants) as well as over 1,000 blood samples (n > 600 participants) were collected.
Timeline
DONALD
The DONALD study is an ongoing, open cohort study conducted in Dortmund, Germany. In 1985 the study started to collect data on diet, growth, development, and metabolism of healthy children and adolescents. Since then, 35–40 infants are newly recruited every year. The participants are first examined at the age of 3-9 months and return for three more visits in the first year, two in the second year and thereafter annually until young adulthood. In the first study years, approximately 300 participants >2 years old were also recruited. Yearly examinations include 3-day weighed dietary records, anthropometric measurements, collection of 24-h urine samples (starting at age 3–4 years), interviews on lifestyle and medical examinations. Parental examinations (anthropometric measurements, lifestyle interviews) take place every four years. In subgroups, further data was collected, such as on chronobiology or metabolomics. Since 2005, in addition to the regular examinations, participants older than 18 years are invited every five years to provide a fasting blood sample.
Selection Criteria
- Minimum age
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0
- Newborns
- Twins
- Countries
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- Germany
- International/National/Regional (region name)
- Dortmund and surrounding regions
- Ethnic Origin
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- Health Status
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- Healthy
- Other criteria
- Supplementary Information
- Eligible are healthy infants (i.e., no prevalent diseases affecting growth and/or diet) from the city of Dortmund and surrounding communities, whose parents are willing to participate in a long-term study and of whom at least one has sufficient knowledge of the German language.
Recruitment
- Sources of recruitment
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- General population
Number of participants
- Number of participants
- No Limit
- Number of participants with biosamples
- No Limit
Data Collection Event
- Start Date
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1985
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Measurements & methods
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Dietary intake
- yes/no
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- Information collected on habitual food intake collected
- Information collected on type of diet (vegetarian/vegan/omnivore)
- Special dietary aspects collected (e.g. supplements, probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics)
- Methods
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- Food records
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24-hour dietary recall
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Food records
- Administration method
- Self-reported
- Administration type
- Paper-based
- Number of recorded days
- 2-7
- Portion size estimation
- Standard portion sizes with aids such as pictures, models, standard household measure, utensils, etc.
- Instrument validity
- Bokhof B, Günther AL, Berg-Beckhoff G, Kroke A, Buyken AE. Validation of protein intake assessed from weighed dietary records against protein estimated from 24 h urine samples in children, adolescents and young adults participating in the Dortmund Nutritional and Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study. Public Health Nutr. 2010 Jun;13(6):826-34. doi: 10.1017/S136898000999317X. Epub 2010 Jan 15. PMID: 20074394
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Alcohol consumption
- Questionnaire name/set of questions
- Set of questions
- Administration method
- Self-reported
- Administration type
- Paper-based
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Tobacco consumption
- Questionnaire name/set of questions
- Set of questions
- Administration method
- Self-reported
- Administration type
- Paper-based
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Physical activity
- Questionnaire name/set of questions
- Adolescent Physical Activity Recall Questionnaire (APARQ) by Booth et al., 2002 (https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200212000-00019)
- Administration method
- Face-to-face interview
- Administration type
- Paper-based
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Sedentary behaviours
- Questionnaire name/set of questions
- Modified questions according to the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS); Opper et al. 2007 (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-007-0251-5)
- Administration method
- Face-to-face interview
- Administration type
- Paper-based
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Anthropometric measurements
- Weight/height
- Measured
- Waist/hip circumference
- Measured
- Other measurements
- Upper arm circumference (every visit), abdominal circumference (0-2 years), head circumference (0-5 years), skinfolds (biceps, triceps, subscapular and suprailiac skin fold; every visit), Upper + lower leg circumference (approx. 4 x during childhood and adolescence), pelvis + shoulder width (approx. 4 x during childhood and adolescence), waist + hip circumference (from 3 years onwards), sitting height (from 3 years onwards)
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Sociodemographic information
- Information collected
- Among others: Sex, age, socioeconomic factors (e.g. parental employment, parental education) and early life factors (e.g. birth weight, pregnancy duration, breastfeeding duration)
- Questionnaire name/set of questions
- Set of questions
- Administration method
- Face-to-face interview
- Administration type
- Paper-based
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Medication
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Health status
- Information collected
- blood pressure, grip strength, family history of diseases, chronic diseases
- Questionnaire name/set of questions
- measured or set of questions
- Administration method
- Face-to-face interview
- Administration type
- Paper-based
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Biological samples and laboratory measurements
- Samples collected
- 24h-urine samples (from 3 years onwards), spot urine samples (0,25 - 3 years), blood samples (from 18 years onwards), stool samples (subsample from 18 years onwards), saliva (once during adolescence)
- Number of samples
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Biomarkers
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Lipids
- Measurement(s)
- HDL, LDL and other
- Medium
- Serum
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Glucose
- Measurement(s)
- Glucose
- Medium
- Plasma
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Inflammation markers
- Measurement(s)
- IL-6, IL-18 and other
- Medium
- plasma or serum
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Adiposity biomarkers
- Measurement(s)
- Leptin
- Medium
- serum
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Other biomarkers
- Measurement(s)
- liver enzymes (ALT, AST, GGT) and others
- Medium
- plasma
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Metabolomics
- Measurement(s)
- HP-LC and others
- Medium
- Urine, plasma
- Untargeted approach
- yes
- Targeted groups
- Amino acids
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Genomics
- DNA available
- yes
- Extraction protocol/ method
- Chemagic Magnetic Separation Module (Lymphocytes); or salting out by prepIT purifier von Oragene (Saliva)
- Genotyping
- whole genome: Illumina Infinium Global Screening Array v2.0.
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Microbiome
- Microbial material
- V3–V4 variable region of the 16S rRNA gene
- Number of samples/number of individuals
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128
- Medium/tissue
- Faeces
- Sampling collection method
- Solution: RNAlater
- Time spent in room temperature
- Approximately 3 days
- Sequencing platform
- MiSeq
- Information on type of meal last eaten prior to sample extraction available
- no